‘It’s like living in hell’ – Caregivers’ Experiences for Patients with Schizophrenia in a District of Probolinggo
‘It’s like living in hell’ – Caregivers’ Experiences
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59747/smjidisurabaya.v3i2.131Kata Kunci:
Caregiving, Mental health, Qualitative study, SchizophreniaAbstrak
Background: Schizophrenia frequently results in significant distress and impairment across multiple domains, including personal, familial, social, educational, and occupational functioning. Caregiving for individuals with schizophrenia can result in substantial stress and burden for caregivers.
Objective: This study aims to explore the experiences of caregivers in providing care for patients with schizophrenia in a district of Probolinggo.
Material and Method: This study employed a qualitative research design, used interviews as the data collection method, and analyzed the data using inductive thematic analysis.
Results: The objective experiences comprised three main themes: (a) caregiving activities, (b) challenges encountered in caregiving, and (c) changes in caregivers’ lives following the caregiving role. The subjective experiences consisted of four main themes: (a) caregivers’ emotional experiences during patient care, (b) caregivers’ perceptions of the illness, (c) positive meanings derived from the caregiving experience, and (d) caregivers’ expectations for the patient.
Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, caregivers experience a wide range of situations while caring for individuals with schizophrenia.
Referensi
Aktaş, M.C. and Ayhan, C.H. (2025) “Experiences in Accessing Treatment Among Females with Schizophrenia: A Qualitative Study from Turkey,” Healthcare (Switzerland), 13(7). Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13070721.
Asgari, M. et al. (2025) “Experiences of Family Caregivers in Caring for Patients with Schizophrenia A Qualitative Study,” Iran J Psychiatry Behavioral Sciences [Preprint]. Available at: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs-164989.
Asher, L. et al. (2017) “‘I cry every day and night, I have my son tied in chains’: Physical restraint of people with schizophrenia in community settings in Ethiopia,” Globalization and Health, 13(1). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-017-0273-1.
Bademli, K. and Lök, N. (2020) “Feelings, thoughts and experiences of caregivers of patients with schizophrenia,” International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(5), pp. 452–459. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020916211.
Basumatary, M., Ali, A. and Daimari, B.N. (2020) “Magico-religious Beliefs, Stigma and Help-seeking Behaviour among the Caregivers of Persons with Schizophrenia,” National Journal of Professional Social Work, 21(1).
Boland, R.J., Verduin, M.L. and Ruiz, P. (2022) Kaplan & Sadock’s Synopsis of Psychiatry. 12th ed. Edited by A. Shah, C.S. Pataki, and N. Sussman. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer.
Brain, C. et al. (2018) “Experiences, attitudes, and perceptions of caregivers of individuals with treatment-resistant schizophrenia: A qualitative study,” BMC Psychiatry, 18(1). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1833-5.
Creswell, J.W. and Creswell, J.D. (2018) Research Design : Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. 5th ed. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Darban, F. et al. (2021) “Family achievements in struggling with schizophrenia: life experiences in a qualitative content analysis study in Iran,” BMC Psychiatry, 21(1). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-03025-w.
Darban, F. et al. (2023) “Schizophrenia: jinn, magic or disease? Experiences of family caregivers of patients with schizophrenia in Baloch ethnicity,” BMC Psychiatry, 23(1). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-05332-4.
Fitryasari, R. et al. (2019) “Resiliency Experiences of Family Members Who Take Care of Patients with Schizophrenia,” in. Scitepress, pp. 5–13. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5220/0008319600050013.
Gagiu, C. et al. (2025) “Quality of Life in Caregivers of Patients with Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review of the Impact of Sociodemographic, Clinical, and Psychological Factors,” Behavioral Sciences. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15050684.
Igberase, O. and Okogbenin, E. (2017) “Beliefs about the cause of schizophrenia among caregivers in Midwestern Nigeria,” Mental Illness, 9(1). Available at: https://doi.org/10.4081/mi.2017.6983.
Issac, A., Yesodharan, R. and Sequira, L. (2023) “Primary caregiver’s experiences in caring paranoid schizophrenia patients: A qualitative study,” Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 24. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2023.101413.
Kamil, S.H. and Velligan, D.I. (2019) “Caregivers of individuals with schizophrenia: Who are they and what are their challenges?,” Current Opinion in Psychiatry. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, pp. 157–163. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000492.
Khatimah, C.H. et al. (2022) “Quality of life, mental health, and family functioning of schizophrenia caregivers: A community-based cross-sectional study,” Asia-Pacific Psychiatry, 14(1). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/appy.12467.
Kojima, Y. et al. (2024) “Burden in caregivers of patients with schizophrenia, depression, dementia, and stroke in Japan: comparative analysis of quality of life, work productivity, and qualitative caregiving burden,” BMC Psychiatry, 24(1). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-06000-x.
Krasa, H. et al. (2025) “Quantifying the Societal Impacts of Schizophrenia: A Survey of Caregivers,” Psych Res Clin Pract, 7, pp. 244–253. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.
Kurihara, T. et al. (2006) “Beliefs About Causes of Schizophrenia Among Family Members : A Community-Based Survey in Bali,” Psychiatric Services, 57(12), pp. 1795–1799.
Lima, I.C.S. and De Andrade Lima, S.B. (2017) “Experiencing feelings and weaknesses of care in schizophrenia: family caregivers vision Vivenciando sentimentos e fragilidades do cuidar em esquizofrenia: visão de familiares cuidadores,” Revista de Pesquisa Cuidado é Fundamental Online, 9(4), pp. 1081–1086. Available at: https://doi.org/10.9789/2175-5361.2017.v9i4.1081-1086.
Liu, Y. et al. (2025) “Hope mediates the association between anxiety and caregivers’ preparedness in schizophrenia: a cross-sectional study,” Frontiers in Public Health, 13. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1652448.
Makanjuola, O.J. and Ngcobo, W.B. (2025a) “Caregiver Burden and the Related Factors Among Family Caregivers of Older Persons With Schizophrenia: A Mixed Methods Study,” International Journal of Older People Nursing, 20(5). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/opn.70047.
Makanjuola, O.J. and Ngcobo, W.B. (2025b) “Developing and pilot testing an intervention model to manage the burden of family caregivers of older adults with schizophrenia,” BMC Nursing, 24(1). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-025-03777-4.
Negash, M. et al. (2023) “Delayed treatment seeking and its associated factors among people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders who are on follow-up at Dilla University Referral Hospital in the southern region of Ethiopia, 2022: a cross-sectional study,” Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1230448.
Pan, Z. et al. (2024) “Caregiving experiences of family caregivers of patients with schizophrenia in a community: a qualitative study in Beijing,” BMJ Open, 14(4). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-081364.
Poerwandari, E.K. (2007) Pendekatan Kualitatif untuk Penelitian Perilaku Manusia. 3rd ed. Depok: Lembaga Pengembangan Sarana Pengukuran dan Pendidikan Psikologi (LPSP3).
Pusat Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan Nasional (2008) Kamus Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta.
Samuel, R., Thomas, E. and Jacob, K.S. (2018) “Instrumental activities of daily living dysfunction among people with schizophrenia,” Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 40(2), pp. 134–138. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4103/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_308_17.
Sánchez-Martínez, V., Cauli, O. and Corchón, S. (2024) “Long-Term Caregiving Impact and Self-Care Strategies in Family Caregivers of People with Neuropsychiatric Disorders: A Mixed-Method Study,” Diseases, 12(11). Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases12110292.
Shalahuddin, I. et al. (2025) “Factors Related to the Caregiver Burden on Families Caring for Clients with Schizophrenia: Scoping Review,” Psychology Research and Behavior Management. Dove Medical Press Ltd, pp. 1799–1808. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S537945.
Subu, M.A. et al. (2022) “Traditional, religious, and cultural perspectives on mental illness: a qualitative study on causal beliefs and treatment use,” International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being, 17(1). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/17482631.2022.2123090.
Sugiyono (2013) Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Sustrami, D. et al. (2024) “Family caregiver burden in schizophrenia: A structural equation model of caregiver, patient, environmental, and family function factors OPEN ACCESS,” Jurnal Keperawatan Padjadjaran, 12(3), pp. 261–269. Available at: https://doi.org/10.24198/jkp.
Syarif, I. et al. (2025) “Determinant Factors of Stress in Caregivers of Patients With Schizophrenia: Cross-Sectional Study,” JMIR Formative Research, 9. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2196/70648.
Tailaiti, A. et al. (2025) “Influencing factors for psychological resilience of family caregivers of schizophrenia patients: A qualitative study,” Medicine (United States), 104(31), p. e43690. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000043690.
Tamizi, Z. et al. (2020) “Caregiving burden in family caregivers of patients with schizophrenia: A qualitative study,” Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 9(1). Available at: https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_356_19.
Tumanggor, R.D. and Marhamah, Y. (2021) “Stres dan Kualitas Tidur Caregiver dalam Merawat Pasien Skizofrenia di Poliklinik RSJ Bina Karsa Kota Medan,” Jurnal Keperawatan Muhammadiyah, 6(3).
Tyagi, S. et al. (2023) “Pathways to the first contact with mental health services among patients with schizophrenia: A cross-sectional observational study,” Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 32(2), pp. 348–353. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4103/ipj.ipj_165_22.
Vadher, S. et al. (2020) “Burden of care in caregivers of patients with alcohol use disorder and schizophrenia and its association with anxiety, depression and quality of life,” General Psychiatry, 33(4). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100215.
World Health Organization (2025) Schizophrenia. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schizophrenia (Accessed: December 16, 2025).
Xu, L. et al. (2019) “Household economic burden and outcomes of patients with schizophrenia after being unlocked and treated in rural China,” Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 29. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796019000775.
Unduhan
Diterbitkan
Versi
- 2026-09-09 (2)
- 2026-09-09 (1)
Terbitan
Bagian
Kategori
Lisensi
Hak Cipta (c) 2026 Tomas Martin, Saiful Alam

Artikel ini berlisensi Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.











