Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on giving basic immunization, weight measurement, and vitamin A to toddlers in Surabaya 2019-2020

Healthcare services during COVID-19 pandemice

Penulis

  • Muh. Zaki Anshari Farid Medical Program, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
  • Irwanto Irwanto Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Airlangga, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7573-8793
  • Linda Dewanti Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7300-0309
  • Dwiyanti Puspitasari Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Airlangga, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1773-4791

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.59747/smjidisurabaya.v2i2.80

Kata Kunci:

COVID-19, Basic immunization, Weight measurement, Vitamin A, Toodlers, Good Health and Well-Being

Abstrak

Background: On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 pandemic a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Surabaya, East Java, reported the highest number of COVID-19 cases, with 24,545 confirmed cases. The pandemic caused significant disruptions to healthcare services, particularly the Posyandu, a community-based health initiative providing vital services such as immunizations, weight monitoring, and vitamin A supplementation to toddlers. Objective: This study aims to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the provision of basic immunizations, weight monitoring, and vitamin A administration to toddlers in Surabaya during the years 2019 to 2020. Method: A retrospective analytical study was conducted using secondary data from public health centers and the Surabaya Health Office. The data were analyzed descriptively, and paired T-tests were used to determine statistical significance in changes in coverage rates. Results: The study observed a decline in coverage for BCG (5.78%), hepatitis B (3.33%), polio (5.19%), pentabio (4.08%), and MR (3.12%) immunizations. Weight monitoring coverage decreased by 1.07%, while vitamin A administration increased slightly by 0.05%. Significant reductions were found for BCG, MR, and polio immunizations, while changes in hepatitis B, pentabio, and weight monitoring were not statistically significant. The increase in vitamin A administration was also not significant. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic led to a notable decline in immunization coverage and weight monitoring for toddlers in Surabaya, although vitamin A administration saw a minor increase. These results emphasize the importance of maintaining essential healthcare services during global health crises.

Referensi

Aaby, P., Netea, M.G., Benn, C.S., 2023. Beneficial non-specific effects of live vaccines against COVID-19 and other unrelated infections. Lancet Infect. Dis. 23, e34–e42.

Ahmadi, A., Essar, M.Y., Lin, X., Adebisi, Y.A., Lucero-Prisno, D.E., 2020. Polio in Afghanistan: The current situation amid COVID-19. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 103, 1367–1369.

Arulmohi, M., Vinayagamoorthy, V., R., D.A., 2017. Physical Violence Against Doctors: A Content Analysis from Online Indian Newspapers. Indian J. Community Med. 42, 147–50.

Aryawati, 2022. Kunjungan Balita di Timbang Berat Badannya pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19 Tahun 2021 di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Rawat Inap Simpur. J. Pendidik. dan Konseling 105, 79.

Bagni, U.V., Ribeiro, K.D. da S., Bezerra, D.S., de Barros, D.C., Fittipaldi, A.L. de M., Araújo, R.G.P. da S., Ferreira, A.A., 2021. Anthropometric assessment in ambulatory nutrition amid the COVID- 19 pandemic: Possibilities for the remote and in-person care. Clin. Nutr. ESPEN 41, 186–192.

Baker, M.M., Janmohamed, A., Toure, D., Dissieka, R., Ndiaye, F., Khassanova, R., Fofana, M.L., Doledec, D., 2023. COVID-19 concerns among caregivers and vitamin A supplementation coverage among children aged 6-59 months in four countries in Western sub-Saharan Africa. Public Health Nutr. 26, 1935–1943.

Baker, R.E., Park, S.W., Yang, W., Vecchi, G.A., Jessica, C., Grenfell, B.T., 2020. The impact of COVID-19 nonpharmaceutical interventions on the future dynamics of endemic infections. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 117, 30547–30553.

Basu, S., Ashok, G., Debroy, R., Ramaiah, S., Livingstone, P., Anbarasu, A., 2023. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on routine vaccine landscape: A global perspective. Hum. Vaccines Immunother. 19, 1–8.

Bayu Purnama, T., Luthfiyyah, A., Dwi Utari, D., Nurrahmah Rangkuti, D., Khoirunnisa, D., Harianti Br Ginting, F., 2021. Artikel Penelitian Volume 1, Nomor 2, Oktober 2021 Cakupan Program Pemberian Kapsul Vitamin A pada Balita Sebelum dan Sesudah Pandemi Covid-19 di UPT Puskesmas Mandala, Kota Medan, Sumatera Utara. Gizi dan Kesehat. Mns. 1, 8.

Bloem, J.R., Farris, J., 2022. The COVID-19 pandemic and food security in low- and middle-income countries: a review. Agric. Food Secur. 11, 1–14.

Brooks, C.G., Spencer, J.R., Sprafka, J.M., Roehl, K.A., Ma, J., Londhe, A.A., He, F., Cheng, A., Brown, C.A., Page, J., 2021. Pediatric BMI changes during COVID-19 pandemic: An electronic health record-based retrospective cohort study. eClinicalMedicine 38, 101026.

Buonsenso, D., Cinicola, B., Kallon, M.N., Iodice, F., 2020. Child Healthcare and Immunizations in Sub-Saharan Africa During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front. Pediatr. 8, 6–9.

Burkholder, B., Wadood, Z., Kassem, A.M., Ehrhardt, D., Zomahoun, D., 2020. The immediate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on polio immunization and surveillance activities. Vaccine 41, A2–A11.

Cardoso Pinto, A.M., Ranasinghe, L., Dodd, P.J., Budhathoki, S.S., Seddon, J.A., Whittaker, E., 2022. Disruptions to routine childhood vaccinations in low- and middle-income countries during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review. Front. Pediatr. 10.

Chacko, S., Kamal, M., Endang, ;, Hastuti, B., Mildya, F., Kelyombar, ; Cornelia, Voronika, V., Prima Yosephine, ;, Tandy, G., Anisiska, D., Karolina, S., Lulu, ;, Dewi, A., Khanal, ; Sudhir, Bahl, S., Fetty Wijayanti, ;, Merrill, R.D., Hsu, C.H., Morales, M., 2023. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Progress Toward Measles and Rubella Elimination-Indonesia, 2013-2022. Centers Dis. Control Prev. | MMWR 72, 1134–1139.

Chandir, S., Siddiqi, D.A., Mehmood, M., Setayesh, H., Siddique, M., Mirza, A., Soundardjee, R., Dharma, V.K., Shah, M.T., Abdullah, S., Akhter, M.A., Ali Khan, A., Khan, A.J., 2020. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic response on uptake of routine immunizations in Sindh, Pakistan: An analysis of provincial electronic immunization registry data. Vaccine 38, 7146–7155.

Chard, A.N., Gacic-Dobo, M., Diallo, M.S., Sodha, S. V., Wallace, A.S., 2020. Routine Vaccination Coverage — Worldwide, 2019. MMWR Surveill. Summ. 69, 1706–1710.

Curtis, N., Sparrow, A., Ghebreyesus, T.A., Netea, M.G., 2020. Considering BCG vaccination to reduce the impact of COVID-19. Lancet 395, 1545–1546.

Dinleyici, E.C., Borrow, R., Safadi, M.A.P., van Damme, P., Munoz, F.M., 2021. Vaccines and routine immunization strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic. Hum. Vaccines Immunother. 17, 400–407.

Domingues, C.M.A.S., Teixeira, A.M. da S., Moraes, J.C. de, 2023. Vaccination coverage in children in the period before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: a time series analysis and literature review. J. Pediatr. (Rio. J). 99, S12–S21.

Dugovich, A.M., Cox, T.H., Weeda, E.R., Garner, S.S., 2023. First hepatitis B vaccine uptake in neonates prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccine 41, 2824–2828.

Elsharkawy, A., Samir, R., Abdallah, M., Hassany, M., El-Kassas, M., 2023. The implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on hepatitis B and C elimination programs in Egypt: current situation and future perspective. Egypt. Liver J. 13.

Fahriani, M., Anwar, S., Yufika, A., Bakhtiar, B., Wardani, E., Winardi, W., Akel, K.B., Wagner, A.L., Harapan, H., 2021. Disruption of childhood vaccination during the COVID-19 pandemic in indonesia. Narra J 1, 1–11.

Faustman, D.L., Lee, A., Hostetter, E.R., Aristarkhova, A., Ng, N.C., Shpilsky, G.F., Tran, L., Wolfe, G., Takahashi, H., Dias, H.F., Braley, J., Zheng, H., Schoenfeld, D.A., Kühtreiber, W.M., 2022. Multiple BCG vaccinations for the prevention of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases in type 1 diabetes. Cell Reports Med. 3.

Firman, N., Marszalek, M., Gutierrez, A., Homer, K., Williams, C., Harper, G., Dostal, I., Ahmed, Z., Robson, J., Dezateux, C., 2022. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on timeliness and equity of measles, mumps and rubella vaccinations in North East London: A longitudinal study using electronic health records. BMJ Open 12, 1–10.

Galles, Natalie C., Liu, P.Y., et al., 2021. Measuring routine childhood vaccination coverage in 204 countries and territories, 1980–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020, Release 1. Lancet 398, 503–521.

Garg, S., Basu, S., Rustagi, R., Borle, A., 2020. Primary health care facility preparedness for outpatient service provision during the COVID-19 Pandemic in India: Cross-sectional study. JMIR Public Heal. Surveill. 6, 1–12.

Goodridge, H.S., Ahmed, S.S., Curtis, N., Kollmann, T.R., Levy, O., Netea, M.G., Pollard, A.J., Van Crevel, R., Wilson, C.B., 2016. Harnessing the beneficial heterologous effects of vaccination. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 16, 392–400.

Güner, R., Hasanoğlu, İ., Aktaş, F., 2020. Covid-19: Prevention and control measures in community. Turkish J. Med. Sci. 50, 571–577.

Hasman, A., Imohe, A., Krasevec, J., Moloney, G., Aguayo, V.M., 2021. COVID-19 caused significant declines in regular vitamin A supplementation for young children in 2020: What is next? BMJ Glob. Heal. 6, 2020–2022.

He, C.Q., Sun, B.H., Yu, W.T., An, S.Y., Qiao, B.J., Wu, W., 2024. Evaluating the impact of COVID-19 outbreak on hepatitis B and forecasting the epidemiological trend in mainland China: a causal analysis. BMC Public Health 24, 1–9.

Hokinson, D., Sanjaya, A., Jo, J., 2022. Severe Acute Hepatitis of Unknown Etiology in Indonesia: What Has Been Learned? Explor. Res. Hypothesis Med. 000, 000–000.

Hu, Y., Guo, M., Yao, K., 2024. Infections in preschool and school-aged children are driving the recent rise in pertussis in China. J. Infect. 88, 106170.

Jensen, C., McKerrow, N.H., 2020. Child health services during a COVID-19 outbreak in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. S. Afr. Med. J. 111, 13185.

Kabore, H.J., Li, X., Allison, R.D., Avagyan, T., Mihigo, R., Takashima, Y., Tohme, R.A., 2022. Effects of Decreased Immunization Coverage for Hepatitis B Virus Caused by COVID-19 in World Health Organization Western Pacific and African Regions, 2020. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 28, S217–S224.

Kasi, S.G., Dhir, S.K., Verma, S., Pemde, H.K., Balasubramanian, S., Agarwalla, S., Shah, A.K., Shivananda, S., Marathe, S., Chatarjee, K., Srirampur, S., Kalyani, S., Parekh, B.J., Basavaraja, G. V., Gupta, P., 2020. Immunization During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Recommendations From Indian Academy of Pediatrics Advisory Committee on Vaccines and Immunization Practices. Indian Pediatr. 57, 1147–1152.

Khalil, A., Samara, A., Campbell, H., Ladhani, S.N., Amirthalingam, G., 2024. Recent increase in infant pertussis cases in Europe and the critical importance of antenatal immunizations: We must do better…now. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 146.

Kinoshita, M., Tanaka, M., 2020. Impact of Routine Infant BCG Vaccination on COVID-19. J. Infect. 81, 625–633.

Kurt, N.C., Demirhan, T.K., Sert, A., Balsak, H., Onal, H., 2023. How The Pandemic Has Affected Children’s Weight and Height?-A Single Center Experience. Bezmialem Sci. 11, 364–370.

Kusnadi, G., Fletcher, E., Espressivo, A., Fitrianingrum, N.M., Saputra, M.A., Sophiarany, N., Soebagio, F., 2024. Essential healthcare services during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study of community needs and perspectives in West Java, Indonesia. BMJ Open 14, 1–10.

Maghfuroh, L., Martini, D.E., Ekawati, H., Aisyah, H.S., Turlina, L., 2022. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Vaccination of Children Aged 0–12 Months in Indonesia. Open Access Maced. J. Med. Sci. 10, 656–661.

Malik, Y.S., Ansari, M.I., Ganesh, B., Sircar, S., Bhat, S., Pande, T., Vinodhkumar, O.R., Kumar, P., Iqbal Yatoo, M., Tiwari, R., Touil, N., Patel, S.K., Pathak, M., Sharun, K., Dhama, K., 2020. BCG vaccine: a hope to control COVID-19 pandemic amid crisis. Hum. Vaccines Immunother. 16, 2954–2962.

Mansour, Z., Arab, J., Said, R., Rady, A., Hamadeh, R., Gerbaka, B., Bizri, A.R., 2021. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the utilization of routine immunization services in Lebanon. PLoS One 16, 1–11.

Mbunge, E., 2020. Effects of COVID-19 in South African health system and society: An explanatory study. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Clin. Res. Rev. 14, 1809–1814.

Mediarti, D., Rosnani, R., Sukartini, T., Arifin, H., Kurniawati, Y., 2020. Coverage and factors associated with complete polio vaccination among Indonesian children aged 0–18 months. Child. Youth Serv. Rev. 118, 105399.

Migang, Y.W., Migang, E.K., 2022. Health service communication in monitoring toddler growth and development in the New Normal at Posyandu Hidup Baru Desa Kaong, Kecamatan Upau, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. GHMJ (Global Heal. Manag. Journal) 5, 149–152.

Moynihan, R., Sanders, S., Michaleff, Z.A., Scott, A.M., Clark, J., To, E.J., Jones, M., Kitchener, E., Fox, M., Johansson, M., Lang, E., Duggan, A., Scott, I., Albarqouni, L., 2021. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on utilisation of healthcare services: A systematic review. BMJ Open 11, 11–17.

Nugroho, F., Ruchaina, A.N., Wicaksono, A.G.L., 2022. Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Changes in Nutritional Status and Physical Activities of School-Age Children: A Scoping Review. J. Gizi dan Pangan 17, 139–148.

Nuzhath, T., Ajayi, K. V., Fan, Q., Hotez, P., Colwell, B., Callaghan, T., Regan, A.K., 2021. Childhood immunization during the COVID-19 pandemic in Texas. Vaccine 39, 3333–3337.

Osei, I., Sarwar, G., Hossain, I., Sonko, K., Ceesay, L., Baldeh, B., 2020. Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID- 19 . The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect , the company ’ s public news and information .

Otani, N., Shima, M., Ueda, T., Nakajima, K., Takesue, Y., Yamamoto, T., Okuno, T., 2023. Changes in the Epidemiology of Rubella: The Influence of Vaccine-Introducing Methods and COVID-19. Vaccines 11, 1–10.

Palupi, S., Pambudi, I., Pakasi, T.T., Sulistyo, S., Htet, K.K.K., Chongsuvivatwong, V., 2024. The TB burden in East Java, Indonesia, post-COVID-19. IIJTLD Open 1, 372–373.

Patel, S. V, Vasavada, H.J., Rakholiya, R.G., Pagi, R.G., Patel, P.S., Patel, S.N., 2023. Post-COVID-19 Resurgence of Measles in Ahmedabad: A Study of 657 Cases in a Tertiary Care Center. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 5, 6–9.

Payeng, R., 2020. Impact of Covid 19 on the Education Sector. Int. J. Manag. 11.

Pollard, A.J., Finn, A., Curtis, N., 2017. Non-specific effects of vaccines: Plausible and potentially important, but implications uncertain. Arch. Dis. Child. 102, 1077–1081.

Principi, N., Bianchini, S., Esposito, S., 2024. Pertussis Epidemiology in Children: The Role of Maternal Immunization. Vaccines 12, 1030.

Procianoy, G.S., Cotrim, M.W., Cia, L.O., Behar, P.R.P., 2024. Impact of BCG Vaccination Disruptions During the COVID-19 Pandemic on Tuberculosis Incidence in Infants: A Nationwide Study in Brazil. J. Pediatric Infect. Dis. Soc. 13, 186–188.

Ratzan, S.C., Bloom, B.R., El-Mohandes, A., Fielding, J., Gostin, L.O., Hodge, J.G., Hotez, P., Kurth, A., Larson, H.J., Nurse, J., Omer, S.B., Orenstein, W.A., Salmon, D., Rabin, K., 2019. The Salzburg Statement on Vaccination Acceptance. J. Health Commun. 24, 581–583.

Rodo, M., Singh, L., Russell, N., Singh, N.S., 2022. A mixed methods study to assess the impact of COVID-19 on maternal, newborn, child health and nutrition in fragile and conflict-affected settings. Confl. Health 16, 1–17.

Rosita, Tinexcelly, M., 2021. Penyelenggaraan Pelayanan Kesehatan Ibu dan Anak di Puskesmas Terpencil dan Sangat Terpencil di Masa Pandemi Covid-19. J. Kaji. dan Pengemb. Kesehat. Masy. 1, 225–238.

Salman, M., Rana, M.S., Usman, M., Tahir, M., Muqarrab, K., Alam, M.B., Umair, M., Anas, M., Ullah, N., Farooq, A., Ashraf, Z., 2024. Re-emergence of Diphtheria after COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan: Time to consider booster vaccination strategies. J. Infect. 88, 106141.

Sari, M., Fairuza, F., Aziza, N.N., Setiati, D., 2024. Kejadian Luar Biasa Poliomielitis Di Indonesia Pada Tahun 2022-2023: Suatu Tinjauan. J. Akta Trimedika 1, 66–83.

Sekarani, N.A., Herawati, D.M.D., Rinawan, F.R., 2023. Monitoring Obstacles of Toddlers Growth in Public Health Center Margahayu Raya Bandung City during the COVID-19 Pandemic: From Cadre Perspective. Althea Med. J. 10, 8–13.

Shaikh, N., Pelzer, P.T., Thysen, S.M., Roy, P., Harris, R.C., White, R.G., 2021. Impact of covid-19 disruptions on global bcg coverage and paediatric tb mortality: A modelling study. Vaccines 9.

Summan, A., Nandi, A., Shet, A., Laxminarayan, R., 2023. The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on routine childhood immunization coverage and timeliness in India: retrospective analysis of the National Family Health Survey of 2019–2021 data. Lancet Reg. Heal. - Southeast Asia 8, 100099.

Surendra, H., Elyazar, I.R.F., Puspaningrum, E., Darmawan, D., Pakasi, T.T., Lukitosari, E., Sulistyo, S., Deviernur, S.M., Fuady, A., Thwaites, G., van Crevel, R., Shankar, A.H., Baird, J.K., Hamers, R.L., 2023. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tuberculosis control in Indonesia: a nationwide longitudinal analysis of programme data. Lancet Glob. Heal. 11, e1412–e1421.

Tabitha Hrynick, 2020. Broader Health Impacts of Vertical Responses to COVID-19 in Low- and Middle- Income Countries. Soc. Sci. Humanit. Action Platf. 1–33.

Wang, H., Fu, M., Chen, W., Ma, Y., 2024. Post-COVID-19 pandemic changes in pertussis incidence among patients with acute respiratory tract infections in Zhejiang, China. Front. Microbiol. 15.

Yusuf, A.M., Tenrisau, D., Hidayanti, H., Ibrahim, A.H., Bahar, A., Sarifudin, S., Tahir, Y., Adhyanti, A., Alfiah, E., 2022. Family Vulnerability and Children’ Nutritional Status during COVID-19 Pandemic. J. Public Heal. Trop. Coast. Reg. 5, 74–82.

Diterbitkan

2024-11-30

Terbitan

Bagian

Original Research Article

Kategori